Nine Major Animal Phyla

1. List all nine major animal phyla, and an example image of animal in the phyla.

    1. Porifera - The Sponges

    2. Coelenterata – The Coelenterates

    3. Platyhelminthes – The Flatworms

    4. Nematoda – The Roundworms

    5. Annelida – The Segmented Worms

    6. Arthropoda – The Arthropods

    7. Mollusca – The Mollusks

    8. Echinodermata – The Echinoderms

    9. Chordata – The Chordates

2. What type(s) of habitat can the species be found?

-Manly in Marine or fresh and Salt Water

3. How does the species digest food?

-Some species have a complete digestive system and others incomplete

4. Have you seen an example of a species in a phyla? Explain where, and what was the situation.

- An example I have is when i went to Sea World, and i saw an aquarium full of sting rays and we got to touch them.

End of the Line Pt. 2

Big Question: Why should we humans be concerned about overfishing?
 - Poor Fisheries Management
 - Pirate Fishers(don't respect fishing laws or agreements)
 -Subsidies that keep too many boats on the water

1. What are the "Big Five" fish we eat all the times?
 - Alaska or Walleye Pollack
 - Anchovy
 - Arctic Char
 - Beam, Gilthead
 - Brill

2. What is a reason for not eating sharks or other deep water fish?
 - They tend to be slow growing, long-lived species such as red fish and orange roughly, which breed slowly and are vulnerable to over exploitation

3. What are some "fish to eat," "fish to eat occasionally," and "fish to avoid"?
 - Fish to eat: well managed , sustainable stocks of farms, or are resilient to fishing pressure
 - Fish to eat occasionally: from fisheries that are at risk of becoming unsustainable due to environmental, management or stock issues
 - Fish to avoid: from  unsustainable, overfished, highly vulnerable or poorly- managed fisheries or farming systems

End of the Line

Big Question: What happens to an ecosystem when a species goes extinct?

- It will really affect the ecosystem

1. What is the most voracious predator the ocean has ever seen?

 - Humans

2. Are the oceans renewable? Why?

 - No because it wouldn't be the same; what people are doing to the ocean

3. When did the cod become fished out, how many people lost their jobs?

 - 1992; 40,000 lost their jobs

4. What puzzled scientists in 2001, where was the answer found, and what was the answer?

 - The total catch was going up; In China; China was getting all of the fishes.

Energy Flows Through Ecosystems [ Part 2 ]

1. How does light and nutrients affect productivity in the oceans?

 - Light penetrates only into the uppermost level of the oceans. In high near coastlines and other areas where upwelling brings nutrients to surface, promoting plankton blooms.

2. What factors affect the ability of an ecosystem to support multiple trophic levels?

 - The amount of energy entering the ecosystem, energy loss between trophic levels, and the form, structure, and physiology of organism at each level.

3. Describe the process bioaccumulation, and describe the DDT example.

 - Bioaccumulation is the loss of energy between tropic levels is that contaminants collect in animal tissue.

- DDT built up in eagle and other raptors to levels high enough to affect their reproduction, causing the birds to lay thin- shelled eggs that broke in their nests.

Energy Flows Through Ecosystems

1.) a. Examples of Primary Producers are, and b. how do they get their Energy?

 - Producers: use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis.

2.) a. the second trophic level is made up of water creatures and b. from where do they get their energy?

 - Herbivores: They eat only plants.

3.) why do predators make up the third trophic level?

 - It's because they feed at several trophic levels , like for example bears eat berries, honey, salmon, etc.

Animal Habitat Structure

1. How does eelgrass density influence abundance of species in an ecosystem?

My hypothesis: The more dense the eelgrass, the more biodiverse the ecosystem because of the more availability for shelter and food.

Animal Habits of San Diego Bay

1. San Diego Bay is home to a list.of Natural Resources. what are they

- Salt marsh tidal Flats, fish habitats.

2. What is an Invasive Species & How would they have been introduced in SD bay ?

- invasive species are Non native species introduced by fore gin ships.

3. What is an Endangered species? What is being done to protect the species.

- species on the brink of extinction green sea turtles San Diego Bay provides protected foraging habitat.

Sources:  http://goo.gl/JWWNR, http://goo.gl/UlG4r

Intro to San Diego Bay

1. San Diego Bay is..... (location, size, interesting fact)?

- Located in San Diego Country, California

- 12 miles long, 1 to 3 miles wide

- Near the US- Mexico Border

2. What types of activities occur on the Bay?

- Annual fireworks display called the Big Bay Boom is held on the Fourth of July over the waters of the Bay.

- A parade of Lights is a parade of more than 80 small boats with holiday decorations and lights on two Sundays in December.

3. How and where on the bay is salt made?

- The shallow southern end of the bay is used for evaporation ponds to extract salt from the sea water.

4. Where is the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex Located?

- Seal Beach

5. What's the purpose of the San Diego National Wildlife?

- It supports numerous endangered and threatened species of plants and animals.

Ocean Water and Climate Change

1. Which is more dense: ocean water or fresh water, and why?

 - Ocean water is more dense than fresh water because the salt in the seawater makes it denser than the fresh water.

2. How would global warming change water at the poles and the equator?

 - Global warming could affect storm formation by decreasing the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. Warmer temperatures could increase the amount of water vapor that enters the atmosphere. The equator where conditions are already hot and humid, at the poles the air is cold and dry.

Surface Water and Global Temperature

1. Thermal Inertia: San Francisco and Norfolk, Virginia are on the same latitude. Why would Norfolk, compared to San Francisco, have warmer summers and cooler winters?
 - Its because air in San Francisco has moved over the ocean, while air in Norfolk has approached over land, water doesn't warm as much as land in the summer nor cool as much as in water.

2. Describe the different ways temperature are "moderated" on earth. Without moderate temperatures, Earth could not support life as we know it. - Water takes much longer than air to heat up and also longer to cool, because it has a much higher specific heat.

Thermal Characteristics of Water

1) Are heat and temperature same or different? Why?
- Different. Temperature is a physical property that underlies the common notions of hot and cold.

2) What is the heat capacity of water?
- 1GM of water needs 1 calorie of heat to raise its temperature by 1°C.

3) How is the heat capacity of water unique?
- When molecules are heated, they move faster and get more energy. Because the O take e- from the H atoms to gain a stable octet.

4) How does water temperature affect density?
- The warmer the water, the less dense it is. The colder the water, the Morse dense it is.

Chemistry of Water

1) Describe how water molecules are bonded:

- Water molecules are bonded by a covalent chemical bond. Each hydrogen nucleus is bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of shared electrons.

2) Describe how the positive and negative charges of water are distributed:

- The partially-positive atom on one water molecule is electro statically attracted to the partially-negative oxygen on a close molecule. This is called hydrogen bonding.

3) Describe the chemistry of water that allows an insect to walk on water:

- There is no net force on a molecule surrounded by neighboring molecules in the bulk of the liquid. However, a surface molecule experiences forces sideways and downwards. The difference between the two forces gives the liquid its surface tension.

4) What is unique about water and it's density?

- Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid. Normally, it's reversed and water has a maximum quality of 4 degrees Celsius. Ice is less dense than water.

Collecting Sediments

1. Who is the author and what is she researching?

- Alyson Santoro, and she is researching microbes in the nitrogen cycle.

2. What technique is the researcher using that is especially good at recover

- They drop a morine into the water that takes more than one sample at once, this process is called Multicoring.

3. What happens to the samples after it is loaded onto the ship?

-  They rush the cores to a special lab called a Cold Van, were it's conditioned to be the same temperature as the oceans bottom, 40F, Then they measure the oxygen concentration at different depths of the core, and then they take samples of carbon and nitrogen back home to study.

4. What's the name of the research vessel?

- Melville

Deep Ocean Trenches and Island Arcs

1. How and where do ocean trenches form?
    These form at convergent plate boundaries when one plate i suspected beneath another
2. Describe an island arc?
     The arc shape results from the geometry of plate movement across the spherical earth, and the convex side of the arc points toward the ocean
3. What's the deepest trench in the world?
     Mariana Trench
4. What's trench does Japan lay next to?
      Japan Trench
5. Why do island arcs ARC?
      Since its sub ducting on a sphere the converse is steeper so its forms on arc.

Marine Sediments

Marine Sediments by Jblack17 on GoAnimate

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Four Marine Sediment Types-  Lithogenous, Biogenous, Hydrogenous, and Cosmogenous.

How they are derived-

• Lithogenous – derived from land

• Biogenous – derived from organisms

• Hydrogenous or Authigenic – derived

from water

• Cosmogenous – derived from outer

space

Abyssal Plains & Hills

1. Define Abyssal Plain:
 - the flattest places on the earth.

2. Describe where APs are found:
 - they're found between the edges of the continents and great underwater mountain ranges.

3. Describe its features:
 - beds of volcanic rock with sediments that are up to a thousand feet thick.

4. How much do APs take up on the earth:
 - 2/3 of the earths surface.

Adaptations of Sea Cave Creatures

ahttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/cave-adapt.jpgnd Why?

1. What are some typical adaptations for these animals,

• Lack of pigmentation
• Reduction in the size of eyes (or absence of eyes altogether)
• Development of sensory mechanisms that do not depend on light for detecting food or predators

2. Why is o2 not plentiful in caves, and how do creatures deal with the lack of o2?

Many of these animals also have adaptations that reduce the need for oxygen. This is because anchialine caves (or coastal caves flooded with seawater) tend to be oxygen-depleted because there is no photosynthesis and very limited water circulation in the caves. These adaptations may be behavioral, morphological, or physiological:

• Behavioral adaptations include swimming slowly or intermittently while searching for food and reduced territorial or antagonistic behavior.
• Morphological adaptations include increasing the size of sensory body parts that do not require light and may also include reducing energy requirements by eliminating unused body parts (e.g., eyes and pigments) and reducing the overall physical size of the organism.
• Physiological adaptations include lower metabolic rates and accumulation of lipids which contain about twice as much energy per gram as proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids also increase buoyancy and can reduce the energy required for swimming.

3. Why do adaptations occur?

Adaptations do not happen because an animal “wants to adapt” or “needs to adapt.” Adaptations happen as random events, and if they provide an advantage, the organism is more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms with these same adaptations.

Bathymetry Video/Q&A

EQ Bathymetry by miguel619 on GoAnimate

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Bathymetry: what is it (define the word)? What’s the difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map? Bathymetric map shows the equal depth and Topographic shows the equal height
How did Oceanographers map the ocean floor in the past, and what were the results?
past they tied a rope to a rock and threw in the ocean and measure the rope when it hit the bottom.
How do oceanographers map the oceans now, and how accurate and effective is this method?
Now we use echo sound machines which is limited accurate cause ship movement
Why are multibeam echo sounders so effective?
They are effective because they correct movements of the boats. An example that made this possible was The Hawaii-Emperor Seamount chain.
What’s an example of an underwater discovery that was made possible by multibeam echo sounders?same as 4
Why do oceanographers map the oceans below the surface? Why is this important to society? Oceanographers map it so that we can protect marine environments and it is important to society for support safe navigation.

EQ's

NOAA: who are they, and what do they do?
_ The National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration.
_They focus on the conditions of the oceans and atmosphere.
2. The intensity of a sonar echo tells scientists what?
_ The depth of the ocean floor and the characteristics of the sea floor.
3. How does an R.O.V. assist scientists?
_ They understand sonar data.
4. Why are these studies important to society?
_ It is important to map where the fishes are and by protecting the habitat.

Ocean Questions

1. What exactly was described as "the biggest biological discovery on Earth?"
Hydrothermal vents in the depth of the ocean.
2. Where in the oceans was the discovery made?
250 ml off the coast of galpogos.
3. What was “interesting” about Tube Worms?
when you cut them they bleed like human blood substance.
4. How are species able to survive without sunlight? (What’s the process, if it’s not photosynthesis)
Kemosynthesis.
5. Where on Earth are hydrothermal vents located?
All around the earth.

Mid Term Exam Reflection

I missed a few questions on volcanoes, so i have to improve my study on that topic. clarity annd concentration during the test is also important.